Argentina's history is marked by early human settlements around 11,000 BC, development of primitive art by 7000-3000 BC, and various indigenous tribes with distinct survival methods. The Inca Empire's expansion in the 15th century brought advancements like textile centers and roads. Spanish arrival in the 16th century led to significant changes, with the first European settlement established by Sebastián Gaboto in 1526. Argentina's struggle for independence began with the May Revolution in 1810, leading to the formation of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. The country faced internal conflicts, foreign wars, and political instability, including dictatorships and military juntas until returning to democracy in 1983. Economic crises and recovery efforts have been a recurring theme in Argentina's modern history.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text:
1. Argentina was not an independent country until the 19th century.
2. The first humans inhabited Argentina around 11,000 BC.
3. The oldest remains found in Argentina are in the Stone Museum in Santa Cruz.
4. The first samples of primitive art in Argentina date back to 7000-300 BC and are found in the Cave of the Hands.
5. The Inca Empire conquered areas of present-day Argentina in the 15th century.
6. The Spanish arrived in Argentina in the 16th century, and Americo Vespucio may have been the first to see the Argentine coasts.
7. Juan Díaz de Solís was the first European to visit Argentina in 1516.
8. Ferdinand Magellan was the first to surround the entire country and discover the Strait of Magellan in 1520.
9. Sebastián Gaboto created the first European settlement in Argentine territory in 1526.
10. The Jesuits established missions in Guaraní territories and supervised the Guaraní people.
11. The expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire in 1767 was a hard blow to the Argentine economy and education.
12. The Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata was established in 1776.
13. The Mapuche people were a significant threat to the Spanish Empire, and the third UCO was formed to put an end to their resistance.
14. The arrival of the Bourbons to the throne of Spain in the 18th century led to more centralized management and marginalization of colonial territories.
15. The English attacked Buenos Aires in 1806, and the Creoles and local inhabitants organized to drive them out.
16. The Spanish Empire was in a brutal economic, social, and political crisis by 1806.
17. The May Revolution in 1810 triumphed and deposed the viceroy, creating the first patriotic junta.
18. The Congress met in Tucumán in 1816 and proclaimed the independence of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata.
19. The first Argentine constitution was created in 1819, but it was centralist and not accepted by the provinces.
20. The Battle of Cepeda in 1820 led to the defeat of the centralists and the reintegration of the Argentine Confederation.
21. Brazil separated from the United Provinces in 1825 and tried to annex part of the territory.
22. The war between Brazil and the United Provinces lasted three years and ended with the signing of peace, granting independence to what is now Uruguay.
23. The National Autonomist Party was in power for 42 years without interruption, and Julio Argentino Roca was its leader.
24. The conquest of the desert took place during this period, and the territory of Argentina took its current form.
25. President Roca was authoritarian, and his government was marked by cruelty and tyranny.
26. The Park Revolution in 1890 and the 1905 revolution failed to overthrow the government.
27. In the 20th century, Argentina managed to establish its presence in Antarctica.
28. The Radical Civic Union, led by Alem and Hipólito, demanded clean elections and won in 1916.
29. The largest worker massacres in Argentine history took place during Irigoyen's first presidency.
30. The liberating revolution in 1955 overthrew Perón, and political instability returned.
31. The Argentine government invaded the Malvinas Islands in 1982, leading to a war with the United Kingdom.
32. The defeat in the Malvinas led to the military junta calling for free elections, returning Argentina to democracy.
33. The radicals won the elections but failed to solve the economic crisis.
34. Hyperinflation hit Argentina in 1988, with prices increasing by 343%.
35. The Peronists returned to power in 1989, and President Carlos Menem implemented economic measures to lift the country out of misery.
36. Menem created Mercosur with Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay in 1991.
37. A recession began in 1998, lasting four years and destroying a quarter of the national wealth.
38. The radicals returned to power after an election but suffered the worst of the crisis.
39. The corralito was decreed, limiting ATM withdrawals to 250 pesos per week.
40. Violent protests and looting took place throughout the country.
41. Peronism returned to power with Néstor Kirchner, followed by his wife Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.
42. Mauricio Macri, a liberal, won the presidency, but his government was marked by crises.
43. Alberto Fernández, another Peronist, is the current president of Argentina.
Note that these facts are based on the provided text and may not be comprehensive or entirely accurate.