The text is a transcript of a video about the possible alternatives to silicon in electronics. The video discusses different approaches, such as using other substances (germanene, molybdenum disulfide, carbon nanotubes, gallium nitride), changing the operating principle of transistors (tunnel transistors, memristors), using photons instead of electrons, and switching to quantum computers. The video concludes that technological progress will not stop even if silicon reaches its physical limit.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text:
1. Silicon electronic quality is extracted from sand.
2. Pure silicon was first obtained by Russian chemist Nikolai Beketov in 1865.
3. The era of silicon is coming to an end due to increasing difficulties in manufacturing.
4. Manufacturers are resorting to various solutions to overcome heat emission standards.
5. The physical limit for a silicon transistor gate size is 5 nanometers.
6. Transistor density in chips has increased significantly.
7. Germanium was used for semiconductors before silicon, with better electrical conductivity but less thermal stability and worse thermal conductivity.
8. Germanium is more expensive and less common than silicon.
9. Germanene, a single atomic film of germanium, conducts current ten times better than silicon.
10. Molybdenum disulfide is another compound with excellent semiconductor properties.
11. Carbon nanotubes have electrical conductivity three times higher than silicon.
12. Photonics technology can be used in computers for data transmission using light.
13. Quantum computers operate on qubits that can be in states 0 and 1 simultaneously.
These are the main factual points mentioned in the document provided. If you need more details or have specific questions about any of these points, feel free to ask!