Here is a concise summary of the provided text, which appears to be a transcript of a lecture on subordinate clauses in language:
**Topic:** Subordinate Clauses (specifically, Subordinate Clauses to Objectives)
**Key Points:**
1. **Types of Subordinates:** Three main types exist - Subordinate Adjectives, Subordinate Nouns, and Subordinate Adverbials. This lecture focuses on Subordinate Clauses to Objectives.
2. **Subordinate Clauses to Objectives:**
* Linked by **relative pronouns** (e.g., who, what, when, whose, which, where).
* Divided into two types:
+ **Explanatory (Non-Restrictive) Clause:**
- Always refers to the whole.
- **Identified by a comma**.
- Provides additional, but not essential, information.
+ **Restrictive Clause:**
- Refers to a part.
- **No comma**.
- Provides essential information for understanding.
3. **Examples:**
* Explanatory: "Football players, who are beginners, do not receive salaries." (All beginners, implies a general rule)
* Restrictive: "Football players who are beginners do not receive salaries." (Only a part of football players, implies a specific subgroup)
4. **Takeaway:** The presence or absence of a comma with relative pronouns significantly changes the meaning of the sentence, indicating whether the clause is explanatory (whole, with comma) or restrictive (part, without comma).
Here are the extracted key facts, each with a number and in short sentences, excluding opinions:
**Linguistics Concepts**
1. Subordinates are clauses with two or more parts that depend on each other for complete meaning.
2. There are three types of subordinates: adjectives, nouns, and adverbials.
3. Today's class focuses on subordinate clauses related to objectives (adjectives).
**Subordinate Clauses to Objectives**
4. These clauses are not linked by conjunctions, but by relative pronouns.
5. Relative pronouns used include: who, what, when, whose, which, and where.
6. Subordinate clauses to objectives are divided into two types: Explanatory Directive and Restrictive Directive.
**Explanatory Directive Clauses**
7. These clauses explain and always refer to the whole of the main clause.
8. They are typically set off by a comma.
**Restrictive Directive Clauses**
9. These clauses provide essential information and refer to a part of the main clause.
10. They are not set off by a comma.
**General Grammar**
11. The presence or absence of a comma can change the meaning of a sentence.
12. Relative pronouns link one clause to another, affecting the sentence's meaning.