Here is a concise summary of the text:
**Title:** The Protestant Reformation of Martin Luther
**Summary:**
* In the 16th century, German monk Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation, a significant event in European history.
* Luther's 95 Theses (1517) criticized the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences, which allowed people to buy forgiveness for sins.
* The Church's doctrine of indulgences, tied to the concept of purgatory, was seen as corrupt by Luther, who advocated for "Sola Scriptura" (authority of the Bible alone).
* Excommunicated by the Pope (1521), Luther's ideas spread through the printing press, sparking a wave of Protestant movements across Europe.
* The Reformation led to:
+ The creation of the Anglican Church (Henry VIII)
+ German princely states choosing between Lutheran and Catholic confessions (Peace of Augsburg, 1555)
+ A protracted period of feudalism in Germany, contrasting with the centralization of other European states
* The Catholic Church's response, the Catholic Counter-Reformation, will be discussed in a subsequent video.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text, without opinions, numbered and in short sentences:
**Historical Events**
1. The Protestant Reformation was initiated by Martin Luther in the 16th century.
2. Martin Luther nailed his 95 Theses to the church of Wittenberg in 1517.
3. The 95 Theses criticized the sale of indulgences by the Catholic Church.
4. The Pope of Rome excommunicated Martin Luther in 1521.
5. Emperor Charles V called Luther to order in 1521, but Luther refused.
**People**
6. Martin Luther was an Augustinian Catholic monk.
7. Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press a few years before Luther's time.
8. Frederick of Saxony, a German prince, protected Luther.
9. Emperor Charles V was the ruler of the Holy Roman Germanic Empire.
10. Henry VIII, the English monarch, separated from Rome and created the Anglican Church.
**Concepts and Institutions**
11. The doctrine of indulgences was a well-established concept in the Catholic Church.
12. Purgatory was believed to be a transitory state before entering heaven.
13. The sale of indulgences involved buying documents to reduce time in purgatory.
14. Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone) was a key pillar of Protestantism advocated by Luther.
15. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) divided the empire into Lutheran and Catholic confessions.
**Consequences and Outcomes**
16. The Protestant Reformation led to the creation of numerous churches under the name of Protestantism.
17. The German princes gained the right to choose their confession (Lutheran or Catholic) after the Peace of Augsburg.
18. Subjects of each prince were required to profess the prince's chosen religion.
19. The Holy Empire remained in a state of feudalism until the 19th century.