Here is a concise summary of the provided transcript:
**Title:** The End of Non-State Spaces: How Modernization is Reaching the World's Most Remote Regions
**Summary:**
* The narrator visits the Himalayan mountain range, a region known for "non-state spaces" where communities have lived without centralized government control for centuries.
* One such community, the Bon people, fled to the mountains 1,200 years ago to escape the Tibetan Empire and have maintained their distinct identity.
* However, this stateless lifestyle is coming to an end due to:
1. **China's increasing control**: After annexing Tibet in 1950, China has built a fence along the border, restricting the movement of nomadic communities.
2. **Road construction**: Governments of Nepal, India, and China are building roads through the Himalayas, bringing external influences, trade, and modernization to these isolated regions.
* While some community members welcome the changes, others struggle to adapt to the new cash-based economy, leading to concerns about cultural preservation and identity loss.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text, numbered and in short sentences:
**Geography and Demographics**
1. The Himalayan mountain range is home to many non-state spaces.
2. The region of Zomia spans across 8 countries, encompassing 100 million people.
3. Zomia is a concept describing a long range of mountains where people have lived without state influence for thousands of years.
**History and Politics**
4. The Tibetan Empire expanded around 1,200 years ago, prompting the Bon religion to flee to the mountains.
5. The Bon people settled in the mountains to escape the Tibetan Empire's control.
6. The area eventually became part of the state of Nepal, while Tibet became part of China.
7. In 1950, China annexed Tibet, leading to the establishment of a border with Nepal.
8. The Chinese government has increased control over the region since gaining wealth and technological advancements.
**Economy and Infrastructure**
9. Many communities in the region have traditionally lived off the land, farming and raising animals.
10. The construction of a road through the Himalaya Mountains aims to create a trade opportunity between India and China.
11. The Indian and Chinese governments are involved in funding and supplying materials for the road construction.
12. The road has shifted the local economy from bartering to cash-based markets.
**Social Impact**
13. Approximately 5,000 indigenous groups, totaling around 370 million people, live in 90 countries worldwide (70% in Asia).
14. Many children from the Bon community are being sent to India or Kathmandu for education, leading to concerns about cultural preservation.
15. A school is being built to educate children in the Bon tradition and language to mitigate these concerns.
**Miscellaneous**
16. The border fence between Nepal and China, built in 1999, marks the end of unfettered mobility in the region.
17. China has established surveillance and watchtowers, even on the Nepali side of the border.
18. The road construction has faced challenges due to the region's rugged terrain.