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The text is a transcript of a video that explains what quasi-particles are and how they enable phenomena like superconductivity and superfluidity. It gives examples of quasi-particles such as electron holes, phonons and Cooper pairs, and how they emerge from the quantized energy states of different fields in a crystal lattice. It also mentions some applications of quasi-particles in modern electronics and spintronics. The video is sponsored by Magellan TV, a documentary streaming service.
1. The device you're watching this video on works because of quasi-particles, a class of strange emergent behaviors of nature that are behind some of the weirdest phenomena encountered.
2. The particular quasi-particle being discussed here is the electron hole, which is an electron pushed around inside electrical circuits.
3. Silicon is central to all modern electronics. Silicon atoms have four electrons in the outer or valence shell, which are most stable with full valence shells.
4. In the semiconductors that make up transistors, diodes, and solar cells, the pushing around of a quasi-particle is equally important.
5. Diodes allow current to travel in one direction but not the other. They consist of two layers of silicon, one with an excess of valence electrons and the other with a deficit.
6. The other quasi-particle being discussed is the phonon, a quantum of vibrational energy moving around the lattice.
7. Phonons are also the quantum of heat, as all heat in solids comes from the vibrational motion of its atoms, transferred around by phonons.
8. Superconductivity is a phenomenon where the electrical resistance becomes zero when a metal is cooled to near absolute zero.
9. A new quasi-particle, the Cooper pair, is formed when electrons are bound together by the exchange of phonons.
10. Cooper pairs move together in the mutually induced resonant oscillation of the metal lattice.
11. The Cooper pair behaves like a boson, meaning many Cooper pairs can occupy the same quantum state.
12. Quasi-particles can build into complex hierarchies, similar to regular particles.
13. Any field, whether elementary or not, will give rise to particles as long as that field has quantized energy states.
14. Some of the known quasi-particles include electron holes, phonons, and Cooper pairs.
15. There are likely many more quasi-particles waiting to be discovered, some of which may enable new technologies.
16. Magellan TV is the platform that is supporting PBS.