Here is a concise summary of the text:
**Title:** Hosni Mubarak's Foreign Policy Approach as Egypt's President (1981-2011)
**Summary:**
* Mubarak inherited a complex legacy from Anwar Sadat, including Egypt's isolation after the Camp David Accords with Israel.
* He navigated external challenges through a pragmatic, realistic approach, prioritizing Egypt's interests.
* Key accomplishments:
+ Successfully resolved the Taba dispute with Israel through international arbitration.
+ Supported Kuwait in the Second Gulf War, restoring Egypt's Arab arena presence.
+ Mediated the Adana Agreement (1999) between Syria and Türkiye.
+ Protected Egypt from various regional threats, including Iran's expansionism.
* Notable characteristics of Mubarak's foreign policy:
+ Clarity and non-evasion
+ Focus on Egypt's interests above pan-Arab or emotional appeals
+ Ability to balance relationships with Western and Arab countries
* The text concludes that Mubarak's foreign policy spared Egypt from numerous risks, created prestige, and protected the country for years, but leaves evaluation of his internal and economic policies to history and the Egyptian people.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text, numbered and in short sentences:
**Biographical Facts**
1. Hosni Mubarak was born in 1928 in Menoufia Governorate.
2. Mubarak graduated from the Air Force College in 1950.
3. He became Commander of the Air Force in 1972.
4. Mubarak participated in the October War against Israel.
5. He assumed the position of Vice President in 1975.
6. Mubarak became President in 1981 after Anwar Sadat's assassination.
7. He died in 2020.
**Presidency and Major Events**
8. Mubarak's rule lasted for 30 years, ending in 2011 with a popular revolution.
9. He inherited a legacy of isolation after the Camp David Accords with Israel.
10. In 1982, Israel withdrew from Sinai as part of the peace agreement.
11. Mubarak supported Saddam Hussein in the Iran-Iraq War.
12. Egypt participated in the liberation of Kuwait in the Second Gulf War (1990-1991).
13. Mubarak mediated the Adana Agreement between Syria and Türkiye in 1999.
**Security and Terrorism**
14. Two assassination attempts against Mubarak were discovered (in London, 1983, and Ethiopia, 1989).
15. Additional assassination attempts were made in Cairo (1994), Addis Ababa (1995), and Port Said (1999).
16. Mubarak successfully stemmed terrorist attacks by giving security forces a free hand.
**International Relations and Economy**
17. Washington dropped 25% of Egypt's debts after the Second Gulf War.
18. The Gulf capitals opened up to Egypt economically after the war.
19. Mubarak's policy was to not antagonize anyone, and in return, not be antagonized.
20. He was not friendly with Tehran, believing in Iran's expansionist goals at the Arabs' expense.
**Other**
21. The Arab League headquarters was moved from Cairo due to Egypt's normalization of relations with Israel.
22. Mubarak allowed the release of political prisoners and permitted parties to run in parliamentary elections.
23. The Muslim Brotherhood gained access to Parliament in the first decade of Mubarak's rule.