Here is a concise summary of the text:
**Title:** Standard Set of Sensors in Modern Cars with Injection Engines
**Summary:**
The summary outlines the primary sensors used in modern cars with injection engines, their locations, functions, and how they interact with the Electronic Control Unit (ECU):
1. **Mass Air Flow Sensor**: Measures air entering the engine, influencing fuel calculation.
2. **Throttle Position Sensor**: Reports throttle valve position, adjusting fuel supply.
3. **Crankshaft Position Sensor**: Determines crankshaft rotation speed and position, affecting fuel injection and ignition timing.
4. **Camshaft Position Sensor**: Identifies camshaft position, helping the ECU determine when to inject fuel and spark.
5. **Knock Sensor**: Detects engine detonation, adjusting ignition timing to prevent damage.
6. **Coolant Temperature Sensor**: Measures coolant temperature, influencing engine operation, especially during cold starts.
7. **Oxygen Sensor**: Monitors oxygen levels in exhaust gases, adjusting the air-fuel mixture.
8. **Speed Sensor**: Tracks vehicle speed, displayed on the speedometer and used for fuel supply adjustments.
9. **Oil Pressure Sensor**: Monitors oil pressure, providing informational warnings to the driver.
10. **Intake Air Temperature Sensor**: Measures intake air temperature, adjusting fuel supply based on air density.
**Additional Sensors (not always present):**
1. **Absolute Pressure Sensor**: Measures intake manifold air pressure, helping calculate air consumption.
2. **Rough Road Sensor**: Detects vertical body vibrations, disabling certain diagnostics on uneven roads to prevent false misfire detections.
**Fault Tolerance:**
* If a sensor malfunctions, the ECU may enter emergency mode, using stored average data (except for a faulty Crankshaft Position Sensor, which can stop the engine).
* A warning light on the instrument panel may indicate sensor malfunctions or other issues, requiring error code reading for accurate diagnosis.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text, numbered and in short sentences, without opinions:
**Engine Sensors**
1. Modern cars use many sensors for economical and efficient engine operation.
2. The set of sensors may differ slightly between cars, but their general function remains the same.
**Sensor Locations and Functions**
3. **Mass Air Flow Sensor**: Located in the intake system, after the air filter and before the throttle valve.
4. **Mass Air Flow Sensor Function**: Measures the amount of air entering the engine, influencing fuel calculation.
5. **Throttle Position Sensor**: Located on the throttle valve, before the intake manifold.
6. **Throttle Position Sensor Function**: Reports throttle position and dynamics, affecting fuel supply dosage.
7. **Crankshaft Position Sensor**: Typically located next to the crankshaft pulley.
8. **Crankshaft Position Sensor Function**: Determines crankshaft position and speed, influencing fuel injection and ignition timing.
9. **Camshaft Position Sensor**: Usually located in the cylinder head area, next to the camshaft.
10. **Camshaft Position Sensor Function**: Determines camshaft position, helping the computer know when to inject fuel and ignite in each cylinder.
11. **Knock Sensor**: Located in the upper part of the cylinder block, near the combustion chamber.
12. **Knock Sensor Function**: Detects engine detonation, helping adjust ignition timing to prevent damage.
13. **Coolant Temperature Sensor**: Often located where coolant exits the engine (e.g., cylinder head, thermostat).
14. **Coolant Temperature Sensor Function**: Measures coolant temperature, affecting engine operation, idle speed, ignition timing, and air-fuel mixture.
15. **Oxygen Sensor**: Located in the exhaust system, closer to the exhaust manifold or catalyst.
16. **Oxygen Sensor Function**: Measures oxygen in exhaust gases, adjusting fuel supply to maintain optimal air-fuel mixture.
17. **Speed Sensor**: Typically in the upper part of the gearbox, measuring shaft rotation speed after gear ratio changes.
18. **Speed Sensor Function**: Determines vehicle speed, displayed on the speedometer, and influences fuel supply based on speed and dynamics.
19. **Oil Pressure Sensor**: Can be located at the beginning of the oil channels (near the filter) or in the cylinder head.
20. **Oil Pressure Sensor Function**: Measures oil pressure in the engine lubrication system, providing informational warnings if pressure is low.
21. **Intake Air Temperature Sensor**: Often in the same housing as the mass air flow sensor or as a separate sensor in the intake system.
22. **Intake Air Temperature Sensor Function**: Determines intake air temperature (affecting air density), adjusting fuel supply for the optimal air-fuel ratio.
23. **Absolute Pressure Sensor**: Located on the intake manifold or attached to the car body with a flexible tube.
24. **Absolute Pressure Sensor Function**: Measures air pressure in the intake manifold, helping calculate air consumption and adjust fuel supply.
25. **Rough Road Sensor**: Usually located on the body next to the shock absorber attachment.
26. **Rough Road Sensor Function**: Detects vertical body vibrations, determining if the car is on an uneven road, which can disable diagnostic functions to prevent misfire diagnoses.
**General System Behavior**
27. If a sensor malfunctions, the engine control unit (ECU) may enter emergency mode, using stored average data.
28. A faulty **Crankshaft Position Sensor** can cause the engine to stop working.
29. A malfunctioning sensor can trigger a warning light on the instrument panel, requiring error reading from the computer for accurate diagnosis.