Here is a concise summary of the provided text:
**Title:** The Industrial Revolution ( Late 18th to Early 19th Century)
**Key Points:**
1. **Timing and Location:** Occurred in England from 1780 to 1840, then spread to Europe and the United States.
2. **Context:** Followed the Neolithic Revolution (10,000 years prior), marking a significant transformation in economy, productivity, and society.
3. **Precursors to the Industrial Revolution in England:**
* Established parliamentary system (liberalism, division of powers, market economy, individual freedom)
* Protestant mentality
* Period of peace
* Good banking system and monetary balance
4. **Key Outcomes:**
* Shift from rural, manual, agriculture-based to industrial, urban production
* Emergence of the bourgeoisie and proletariat
* Improved living standards, life expectancy (35 to 50), and demographic growth (population tripled in a century)
5. **Technological Advances:**
* **Steam Engine (James Watt):** Transformed thermal energy into mechanical energy, enabling mass production, and revolutionizing industries (e.g., textile, mining, transportation)
* **Railways (George Stephenson):** Facilitated fast, heavy transportation (up to 40 km/h)
* **Gas Lighting:** Enhanced city safety, reducing crime rates
6. **Conclusion:** England became the world's first industrial nation, paving the way for the **Second Industrial Revolution (from 1850 onwards)**.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text, numbered and in short sentences, excluding opinions:
**Historical Period and Location**
1. The Industrial Revolution occurred from 1780 to 1840.
2. It started in England before spreading to Europe and the United States.
3. The 13 British colonies in America gained independence around the late 18th century.
**Social and Political Context**
4. The late 18th century saw the emergence of liberal revolutions and the overthrow of the old regime.
5. Absolute monarchies gave way to subjects becoming citizens with decision-making powers.
6. A new social class, the bourgeoisie, emerged, confrontational with the privileged classes.
7. England had established a parliamentary system based on liberalism 100 years prior.
8. John Locke's ideas on the division of powers, market economy, and individual freedom influenced this system.
**Economic and Technological Developments**
9. The Industrial Revolution marked a shift from rural, manual, agricultural-based economies to industrial production in cities.
10. Capitalism emerged in England due to factors like legal security, a Protestant mentality, peace, a good banking system, and monetary balance.
11. The steam engine, perfected by James Watt, was a key technological advance.
12. The steam engine is an external combustion engine converting thermal energy into mechanical energy.
13. Initial applications of the steam engine included pumping water.
14. Watt's machine introduced rotary movement, enabling its use in various industries (e.g., flour mills, textile industry).
15. George Stephenson experimented with applying steam to land transportation, developing the first locomotive.
**Transportation and Urban Development**
16. The construction of the Liverpool to Manchester railway in 1829 revolutionized transportation.
17. Railways enabled the transportation of heavy materials at speeds of up to 40 km/h.
18. Steam was applied in river and maritime navigation with the introduction of steamships.
19. Public gas lighting made cities safer, reducing crime rates.
**Demographic and Economic Outcomes**
20. England's population tripled over the course of the Industrial Revolution.
21. Life expectancy increased from 35 to 50 years.
22. Average salaries in England doubled, with prices falling and the quality of life improving.
23. The bourgeoisie significantly benefited, displacing the landed aristocracy.
24. Working conditions for the proletariat initially remained precarious but later improved compared to previous times.