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**Title:** How Grenades Work: Types and Mechanisms
**Summary:**
* **Introduction**: Overview of various grenade types and their purposes (lethal, non-lethal, stun, smoke, incendiary)
* **Grenade Mechanism**: Common activation mechanism for most grenades, featuring a safety ring, safety lever, detonator, fuse, and explosive charge
* **Grenade Types:**
1. **Fragmentation Grenades**: Lethal, with segmented interior to produce shrapnel
2. **High-Explosive Grenades**: Damage and stun with pure explosive force (effective radius: 2 meters)
3. **Incendiary Grenades**: Produce temperatures up to 2,200°C (or 2,800°C with white phosphorus) for anti-material purposes
4. **Smoke Grenades**: Signal or obscure vision with colored or dense smoke
5. **Tear Gas Grenades**: Cause eye, nose, and throat irritation using CS gas
6. **Stun (Flashbang) Grenades**: Temporarily blind and disorient with intense light and sound
7. **Sting Ball Grenades**: Non-lethal, releasing rubber balls to cause pain without serious injury
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Here are the key facts extracted from the text, each with a number and in short sentence form, excluding opinions:
**General Grenade Facts**
1. Grenades can be designed to stun, temporarily disable, or take life.
2. Various types of grenades exist, including fragmentation, high-explosive, smoke, incendiary, tear gas, stun, and sting grenades.
**Fragmentation Grenades**
3. Fragmentation grenades are lethal due to the hundreds of tiny metal pieces (shrapnel) they produce upon explosion.
4. The interior wall of a fragmentation grenade is segmented into small metal pieces.
5. A fragmentation grenade has three main components: safety ring, safety lever, and body.
6. Inside the body: detonator, hammer, retardant fuse, explosive charge, and fragments.
7. Removing the safety ring and releasing the lever initiates the detonation process, which takes around 4 seconds.
8. The lethal radius of a fragmentation grenade is approximately 5 meters, with danger up to 15-20 meters.
**High-Explosive Grenades**
9. High-explosive grenades damage and stun targets with the force of their detonation, without fragmented shrapnel.
10. These grenades have a larger explosive charge and a thinner outer casing.
11. The effective lethal radius is approximately 2 meters, with stunning effects at greater distances, especially in confined spaces.
**Incendiary Grenades**
12. Incendiary grenades produce temperatures up to 2,200 degrees Celsius.
13. They contain 600-800 grams of fuel, usually powdered aluminum and iron oxide.
14. Historically, white phosphorus was used, reaching temperatures up to 2,800 degrees Celsius.
15. These grenades are useful for destroying underwater equipment due to not requiring an external oxygen source.
**Smoke Grenades**
16. Smoke grenades have a cylindrical body with escape holes at both ends.
17. They burn approximately 350 grams of a mixture for colored smoke (potassium chloride, lactose, and dye).
18. For dense smoke, they use a different mixture (e.g., terephthalic acid and phosphorus).
**Tear Gas Grenades**
19. Tear gas grenades use 80-120 grams of chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS gas) with a combustible component.
20. Some devices use CR gas instead of CS gas.
**Stun (Flash) Grenades**
21. Stun grenades were created in the 1960s for the British Special Air Service.
22. They produce 7 million candelas of light and over 170 decibels of sound.
23. The effect causes temporary blindness, hearing loss, and balance disruption without permanent damage.
24. They contain 4.5 grams of a pyrotechnic mixture (aluminum or magnesium with an oxidizer).
**Sting Grenades**
25. Sting grenades release dozens of rubber balls instead of metal shrapnel upon detonation.
26. The casing is made of rubber, and the fragments along with the rubber spheres cause severe pain but not serious injury.
27. Some sting grenades also contain a small dose of CS gas.