Here is a concise summary of the provided text:
**Subject:** Gaur (largest bull species on the planet)
**Key Characteristics:**
* Massive size: up to 2.5m height and 3m length
* Muscular build, sharp horns (up to 90cm) with curved ends
* Distinctive appearance with white "stockings" on legs, a hump on the back, and long movable ears
**Habitat and Behavior:**
* Found in central and southeast Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, China)
* Inhabit deciduous forests and jungles, preferring solitude
* Primarily feed on grass, with occasional consumption of leaves, bamboo shoots, and mud (for minerals)
* Live in small herds (10-15 individuals), usually led by an experienced female cow
**Notable Traits and Interactions:**
* Fierce temperament, but generally not aggressive unless provoked
* Skilled fighters, using a unique side-blow attack with their horns
* Few natural enemies due to their intimidating presence; tigers are their main rivals
* Vulnerable to diseases affecting cattle and threatened by human activity ( fewer than 20,000 individuals remain, mostly in protected areas of India)
Here are the key facts extracted from the text, numbered and in short sentences, excluding opinions:
**Physical Characteristics**
1. Gaurs can reach a height of 2.5 meters at the withers.
2. Gaurs can be over 3 meters in length.
3. Gaurs have huge, sharp, curved, moon-shaped horns up to 90 centimeters long.
4. Gaurs have a distinctive hump on their back.
5. Gaurs have long, movable ears.
6. Gaurs wear "white stockings" (white markings on their legs).
**Habitat and Distribution**
7. Gaurs inhabit countries in Central and Southeast Asia.
8. Specific countries with gaur populations include India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, and China.
9. Gaurs prefer not-too-dense deciduous forests and impenetrable jungles.
**Diet and Watering Habits**
10. The main part of a gaur's diet consists of ordinary grass.
11. Gaurs also eat leaves of bushes and bamboo shoots, albeit in smaller quantities.
12. Gaurs never stray far from a watering hole.
**Behavior and Social Structure**
13. Gaurs are known to eat mud for its mineral content.
14. Gaurs live in herds, typically not exceeding 10-15 individuals.
15. A herd is usually headed by the most experienced female cow.
16. Female gaurs with calves often stay alone.
17. Gaurs can become more aggressive during their rutting period (November to April).
**Interactions with Other Animals**
18. Gaurs can intimidate and chase away rhinoceroses, sloth bears, and leopards.
19. The only strong rival of a gaur is a tiger, depending on the gaur's size.
20. Red wolves prey on newborn gaur calves.
**Conservation Status**
21. There are fewer than 20,000 gaurs left in the wild.
22. 90% of the remaining gaurs live in India, where they are under protection.
23. India has seen a natural increase in its wild gaur population, unlike other countries.