Here is a concise summary of the provided text:
**Title:** The Dark History of Racial Disparities in US Medicine
**Summary:**
* The US medical system has a long, overlooked history of institutional racism, contributing tocurrent racial disparities in healthcare.
* The legacy of doctors like James Marion Sims, who experimented on enslaved black women, perpetuates mistrust.
* Historical examples:
+ 19th century: "Negro medicine" aimed to prove black inferiority; experiments on enslaved women.
+ Early 20th century: Eugenics movement, forced sterilizations, and racist birth control initiatives.
+ 1970s: Mass sterilizations of black women with federal funds.
+ 1990s: Targeted marketing of long-term contraceptives to black teenagers.
* Today, these historical injustices contribute to alarming racial disparities in healthcare, including:
+ Black women being 3-4 times more likely to die from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications than white women.
* Understanding this history is crucial to creating a more equitable healthcare system.
**Key Takeaway:** The US medical system's past injustices against people of color continue to impact healthcare disparities today, highlighting the need for historical awareness and systemic change.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text, excluding opinions, with each fact numbered and in short sentence form:
**Historical Figures and Events**
1. James Marion Sims was a doctor who created the vaginal speculum and pioneered surgical repair for fistula.
2. Sims performed experimental surgeries on enslaved women between 1845 and 1849.
3. Thomas Jefferson wrote in 1807 that a woman who brings a child every two years is more profitable than the best man on a farm.
**Legislation and Policies**
4. In 1807, Congress abolished the importation of slaves, leading to an increase in breeding of enslaved people.
5. By the mid-1930s, over half of US states passed pro-sterilization laws, often leading to forced sterilization.
6. In 1973, the SPLC uncovered 100,000 to 150,000 cases of women sterilized with federal funds in Alabama, with half being black.
7. In 1990, the FDA approved the contraceptive Norplant, which was selectively marketed to black teenagers.
**Medical Practices and Statistics**
8. James Marion Sims did not use anesthesia for his experiments on slaves, despite its introduction in 1846.
9. Studies have shown that black people are less likely to be treated for pain, particularly in the ER.
10. A Children's Hospital study found that black children are also less likely to be treated for pain.
11. Black women are 3-4 times more likely to die in connection with pregnancy or birth than white women.
12. In the US, racial disparities in healthcare exist even when patients have the same health insurance or ability to pay.
**Organizations and People**
13. Margaret Sanger, founder of Planned Parenthood, devised the "Negro Project" to push birth control in the black south.
14. W.E.B. DuBois supported the Negro Project, citing concerns about black people breeding "carelessly and disastrously".
15. Fannie Lou Hamer was subjected to a non-consensual hysterectomy in 1961, which she termed the "Mississippi appendectomy".