The video discusses 10 letters that were once part of the English alphabet but have since been removed or replaced. These letters include:
1. Long S: A letter that was used in place of the modern lowercase "s" in certain situations, but was eventually phased out due to its complexity.
2. Ampersand (&): A letter that represented the word "and" and was considered the 27th letter of the alphabet until it was replaced by the modern ampersand symbol.
3. Thorn (þ): A letter that represented the "th" sound and was used in Old English, but was replaced by the letter "y" in modern English.
4. A variation of Thorn with a line through it: This letter was used as shorthand for the word "that".
5. F (a thorn-like symbol): This letter was used to represent a different type of "th" sound, but was eventually replaced by the modern "th" combination.
6. Ash (æ): A letter that represented a sound between "a" and "e" and was used in Old English, but fell out of common use.
7. Ethyl (ē): A letter that represented a long "e" sound and was used in Latin and Greek words.
8. Winn (ƿ): A letter that represented the "w" sound and was used in Old English, but was eventually replaced by the modern letter "W".
9. Yogh (ȝ): A letter that represented a guttural "ch" sound and was used in Old English, but was eventually replaced by the "gh" combination.
10. Egg (Ɛ): A letter that was proposed as a replacement for the "ng" combination, but was never widely adopted.
The video also discusses the history and evolution of the English alphabet, and how these letters were used and eventually phased out.
Here are the key facts extracted from the text:
1. There are 26 letters in the English alphabet.
2. The long s was a letter that was used in the past, but is no longer used today.
3. The long s was used to represent the sound of a single s or a double s, but had a specific set of rules for when to use it.
4. The long s was phased out in the 19th century.
5. The ampersand (&) was once considered the 27th letter of the alphabet.
6. The ampersand was used to represent the word "and".
7. The thorn (þ) was a letter used to represent the "th" sound.
8. The thorn was replaced by the letter "y" in some cases, but retained its original pronunciation.
9. The letter "thorn" is still used in some dialects today.
10. A modified version of the thorn, with a line through the top, was used as shorthand for the word "that".
11. The letter "F" was used as a symbol for a different kind of "th" sound.
12. Ash (æ) is a letter that represents a sound between "a" and "e".
13. Ash was used in Old English to represent a specific sound.
14. The letter "ash" is still used in some dialects today.
15. Ethyl (œ) is a letter that represents a sound in certain Latin and Greek words.
16. The letter "win" (ƿ) was used to represent the "u" or "w" sound.
17. The letter "win" was used in place of the double "u" or "w" in some cases.
18. The letter "Yaak" (Ȝ) was used to represent a specific sound in the back of the throat.
19. The letter "Yaak" was eventually replaced by the "gh" combination.
20. The letter "Egg" (ȝ) was created by Alexander Gill the Elder in 1619.
21. The letter "Egg" was intended to replace the letter combination "ng".
22. The letter "Egg" was not widely adopted due to difficulties in printing and reading it.